几种食用菌产木质素降解酶类研究

采用PDA—Bavendamm平板和PDA—RB亮蓝平板对13个食用菌菌株进行显色试验，得到广草和羊肚菌可以同时产生漆酶和过氧化物酶的菌株.对其进行液态产酶试验，结果表明它们产木质素降解酶类活性较高.     

靶标酶在除草剂研究与开发中的应用

大多数除草剂都是通过特殊酶的抑制而产生杀草作用的。因此，以靶标进行分子设计，鉴定化合物分子结构中的活性团，开发能有效杀死杂草、而不伤害作物并对动物及环境安全的除草剂品种有着重要意义。本文着重对各种不同类型靶标酶在除草剂的研究与开发过程中的应用加以阐述。     

玉米茎腐病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的致病作用

 本文通过酶活分析和超微结构观察证明了玉米茎腐病菌能产生一系列细胞壁降解酶(CWDE),并能明显浸解胚根组织。浸解的组织发生质壁分离及原生质外流。随细胞壁降解酶浓度增加,酶浸解能力增强,两者呈显著的正相关。相比较而言,玉米赤霉病Fusarium graminearum在病株内产生的细胞壁降解酶的浸解能力比玉米腐霉茎腐病Pythium aphanidermatum强。2种病菌活体外产生的果胶酶与纤维素酶(Cx)存在明显的协同作用。毒素不能提高细胞壁降解酶的浸解能力,反而有一定的抑制作用。     

The relationship between serum level of thyroid hormones,trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in dromedary camel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Camelus dromedarius</Emphasis>)

Thyroid hormones might be able to regulate the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). The role of thyroid hormones in metabolic pathways and antioxidant enzyme activities are well known in many species. Nevertheless, there is no report describing probable relationship between thyroid hormones status, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and serum profiles of trace elements. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between these parameters in Iranian dromedary camels. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 30 clinically healthy Iranian dromedary camels under aseptic conditions during 6 consecutive days of summer. The serum was analyzed for serum profile of thyroid hormones, trace elements, SOD and GPX activity. There were no significant differences in serum thyroid hormones, serum level of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), selenium and antioxidant enzymes in different days (P > 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between SOD and Fe (P < 0.01, r = -493). There was no significant correlation between other parameters. In case of copper deficiency likewise the present study, the copper was used to produce more SOD, so there was a decrease in Fe transportation, and it might be a cause of decrease in Fe amount. On the other hand, a relatively small quantity of Fe is present in tissue myoglobin, catalase, peroxidases, and cytochromes. So it might be another cause of decrease in Fe amount. The explanation for these finding is not possible at this moment and further investigations are needed to interpret these changes.     

Effect of fortifying concentrate supplement with fibrolytic enzymes on nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in lactating goats

Thirty lactating Beetle‐sannen crossbred goats were randomly divided into 3 groups based on first fortnight milk yield, and then adjusted to body weights to study the effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on digestibility and milk production. Goats in the control group (C) were fed 500 g of concentrate supplement (CS) without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (control; CG) or CS fortified with cellulase and xylanases @ of 4000 and 12500 (EG₁) or 8000 and 18 750 IU/kg (EG₂), respectively. CS was offered in two equal proportions just after milking at 7 and 17 h. After feeding CS, goats were fed 1200 g of wheat straw as roughage in two equal parts at 08.00 and 18.00 hours. Milk yield was studied for 3½ months. Milking was done by hand. Changes in body weight were also recorded. After a preliminary period of 60 days of feeding, a 7‐day digestibility trial was conducted in two intervals with 5 animals from each group at a time. The increase in either wheat straw or NDF intake due to the enzyme mixture was only 3%. There was significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the diet digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and total carbohydrates (TC) between the control and EG₁ and EG₂ goats. Improvements were greater (P < 0.05) in the latter group. Microbial protein (MBP) was estimated based on purine derivatives and creatinine excreted in spot urine samples. MBP increased about 10 and 15% in EG₁ and EG₂, but these values were statistically invalid. Phenomenally milk yield, fat and SNF were significantly (P < 0.001) changed with progression of lactation. On a temporal basis, fortnightly changes in FCM yield of this study could be grouped as 1 month each of first and last and 1½ of middle phase of lactation. Repeated measure analysis showed 180 to 260 mL/day of higher FCM and 16 to 20 g/day of higher SNF yield (P < 0.001) in EG₂ than control or even EG₁ during 5 to 7^th fortnight. However, no significant impact (P > 0.05) was noticed on TF. Feed intake, g/kg FCM yield was also 7% less in EG₂ than either CG or EG₁. The study concluded that apart from increased digestibility, fortification of CS with cellulase and xylanases enzymes improved FCM yield in the last quarter of lactation in goats, and improved body weights by 5% (P > 0.05). While the digestibility of the diet was higher in EG₁ and EG₂, the impact on FCM and SNF yield was noticed only on EG₂. Our study indicated that CS of lactating goats may be fortified with 8000 and 18 500 IU/kg CS in the last quarter of lactation.     

北疆风沙土酶活性与土壤肥力的初步研究

本文主要阐述三种风沙土中主要土壤酶的分布与活性,为综合评价风沙土肥力水平提出了新的依据。     

西天目山森林土壤酶活性的分析

从海拔５６０ｍ开始，西天目山森林土壤各类酶的活性，随着海拔高度的升高而升高。从主要土壤亚类来看，棕黄壤和乌黄壤的酶活性高于黄壤和黄红壤。石灰性土壤的酶活性较同海拔的黄红壤为高。     

Effects of Phenolic Acids on Growth and Activities of Membrane Protective Enzymes of Cucumber Seedlings

Two phenolic acids P-hydroxy benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were designated as four concentrations (0, 50μmol/L, 100μmol/L, 150μmol/L) to investigate the effects of phenoic acids on the growth and the activities of membrane protective enzymes of cucumber seedlings. The results showed that both phenolic acids inhibited the seedlings growth. The inhibitory effects were increased with the concentration of phenolic acids increasing and the time of treatment prolonging. Seedlings treated with A150 (P-hydroxy benzoic acid, 150μmol/L), B50 (cinnamic acid, 50 μmol/L), B100 (cinnamic acid,100μmol/L), B150 (cinnamic acid, 150μmol/L) showed significantly shorter in plant height , smaller in leaf area. and lighter in fresh weight. The inhibitory effect of cinnamic acid was comparatively stronger than that of P-hydroxy benzoic acid. For protective enzymes system, compared to control, the POD activity increased at all concentrations of P-hydroxy benzoic acid during the treatment but increased at first then decreased before increased again at last at all concentrations of cinnamic acid . In the case of CAT, its activity increased at first, then decreased, and increased again at lower concentrations of phenolic acids. However, at higher concentrations the activities decreased at first, then increased a little, decreased continuously at last. In addition, the treatments of phenolic acids led to an increase then a decreaseof SOD activity and an increase of MDA content in the seedlings. All above indicated the accumulating of free radicalsand destruction of protective enzymes at higher concentrations of phenolic acids.     

AM真菌对棉花根内防御性酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌聚生球囊霉菌(Glomusfasiculatum,Gf)和珠状巨孢囊霉菌(Gigasporamargarita,Gim)对棉花根内棉花黄萎病(Verticilliumdahliae)防御性酶活性的影响。结果表明,感病陆地棉花(GossypiumhirsutumL.)品种李台8号和86-1于播种时接种AM真菌、30d后接种黄萎病菌安阳菌系,可诱导棉花根内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、过氧化物酶(POD)等酶的合成,提高了这些防御性酶的活性,并且其活性上升速度和活性峰值均高于接种黄萎病菌的处理,下降速度低于接种黄萎病菌的处理。说明AM真菌激活了棉花的防御反应,使棉花植株对黄萎病菌的侵染产生强烈而快速的反应,从而抑制了病原菌的侵染。     

雷公藤甲素对粘虫中肠消化酶及其组织结构的影响

测试雷公藤甲素对粘虫中肠消化酶活性的影响 ,并对中毒试虫的中肠组织结构进行显微观察。结果表明 ,处理试虫脂肪酶活性在痉挛期和麻痹期分别下降 2 6 .0 %和 39.1% ,达极显著水平 ;淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性在各个时期的变化均不显著 ;中肠细胞变厚且混乱变形 ,组织许多部位呈消融状 ,肠壁细胞层排列不规则 ,柱状细胞与杯状细胞排列不整齐 ,并有纵肌、微绒毛脱落现象。